Nivolumab (Opdivo) + Ipilimumab (Yervoy) for metastatic colorectal cancer patients with deficient DNA mismatch repair mechanism (dMMR) or high microsatellite instability (MSI-H)

Atezolizumab is currently in clinical development for the treatment of patients muscle-invasive urothelial cancer (MIUC) including muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) patients who are at high risk following resection. MIBC is a cancer that spreads into the thick muscle deep in the bladder wall. MIBC starts in the inner bladder layer and then grows in the deep muscle. While UTUC can arise along any part of the urinary tract lined with urothelium with the majority of cases in the lower tract and rest in the upper tract. Over time the tumour may grow outside the bladder into tissues close by and then may spread to lymph nodes, the lungs, the liver and other parts of the body. The current standard care of treatment includes a surgery which might not be adequate and some patients might be at high risk for recurrence.

Avelumab in addition to best supportive care (BSC) is in clinical development for the maintenance treatments of adults with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer that did not progress on or following completion of first-line chemotherapy. Urothelial cancer occurs on the lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary system. In advanced urothelial cancer, cancer has grown into deeper layers including connective tissue or muscle. Metastatic urothelial cancer is when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or bones. Urothelial cancer usually occurs in patients aged 60 years and older, where patients may have other medical conditions or are not fit enough to be given certain treatments.

Nivolumab in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil is in clinical development for patients with unresectable, advanced, recurrent or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell cancer cell carcinoma. Advanced oesophageal cancer begins in the food pipe and spreads to other parts of the body. Squamous cell cancers develop from the cells that make up the inner lining of the oesophagus. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, persistent acid indigestion or heartburn, weight loss, pain in the throat, and chronic cough. Lifestyle factors are attributed to most oesophageal cancers, including smoking and being overweight.

Olaparib is a medicinal product currently in development for the treatment of Breast Cancer Gene (BRCA)-mutated relapsed ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer in patients who have received at least 2 prior platinum treatments and have progressed at least 6 months after their last platinum treatment. Ovarian cancer includes a group of tumours that arise from diverse types of tissue contained in the ovary and can often spread from the ovary to any surface within the abdominal cavity including the fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity.