Pembrolizumab for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer

Belzutifan is in clinical development for the treatment of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). VHL is a hereditary disease that results in the body producing an increased amount of the protein hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) – 2α. This leads to an increased risk of tumours developing in various parts of the body including the kidney. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. ccRCC is named as such because when this type of tumour is viewed under a microscope the cells appear clear. Currently patients with VHL disease have limited treatment options which focus on surgically removing tumours once they have developed.

Mosunetuzumab is in clinical development for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell follicular lymphoma (FL). FL is a type of slow growing blood cancer that affects white blood cells. In FL, the affected white blood cells start to multiply in an abnormal way and begin to aggregate in certain parts of the body such as the lymph nodes. A recurrence of lymphoma after going into complete remission is known as a relapse. Lymphoma that is unresponsive to therapy it is called refractory lymphoma. The condition can become more difficult to treat if it is relapsed or refractory, as treatment options are limited.

Nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab is in development for cisplatin-ineligible patients with previously untreated, unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer (UC). UC occurs on the lining of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra, and other parts of the urinary system. Metastatic UC occurs when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Durable responses are rare with current standard of care treatments. Therefore, treatment approaches with longer-term disease control and extending to broader metastatic UC patient populations are needed.

Trastuzumab deruxtecan is in clinical development for the treatment of adults with HER2-low, hormone receptor (HR) positive or HR negative (HR+/-), unresectable and/or metastatic breast cancer (BC) who have previously been treated with chemotherapy. Metastatic BC (stage IV) is when the cancer has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes, whilst unresectable refers to cancer that cannot be treated by surgery. HER2 receptors help control how a healthy breast cell grows, divides, and repairs itself. In the case of IHC 0 and 1+ results or IHC+ with a negative ISH assay, BC is considered HER2-low (or HER2-negative). Breast tumours are tested for both oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). About 74 % of all BCs are both HR-positive (HR+) and HER2-negative. In England, adults with stage 4 breast cancer, that were diagnosed between 2012-2016 and followed up to 2017, had a 66% survival rate one year after diagnosis.